Thus, bamboo flowering has a negative effect on the livelihoods of people who depend on bamboo resources and could lead to famine among self-sufficient farmers. It is a perennial flowering plant, but many bamboo species remain in a vegetative phase for decades, or even a century, followed by mass synchronous flowering and subsequent death ( Janzen, 1976). Bamboo provides a wide range of products and has many uses for humans and other animals, while also having a major impact on the environment ( Zhou, 1984).īamboo has attracted worldwide attention because of its distinctive life history. Bamboo species play important economic and ecological roles in many countries. China is a center of bamboo distribution, having more than 34 genera and 534 species ( Chen et al., 2006). Bamboo is widely distributed in the tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of all continents, except Europe and Antarctica, from lowlands to ~4,000 m above sea level. There are more than 88 genera and 1,642 species worldwide, of which 28 genera and more than 120 species are herbaceous bamboo ( Vorontsova et al., 2016). The results presented here provide valuable reference material for understanding bamboo flowering and its periodicity.īamboo (subfamily Bambusoideae) is a large clade of the family Poaceae. Bamboo flowering is a normal physiological phenomenon, even though it has unique elements compared with flowering in other plants. Finally, we present suggestions for forest management strategies. This review also introduces two mechanisms by which bamboo forests are rejuvenated after flowering and explains the flowering phenomena of bamboo forests using the bamboo flowering cycle theory.
We present a theory of the bamboo flowering cycle and discuss the reasons for the observed variations in bamboo flowering. We summarized the specific flowering cycles of 85 bamboo species, as well as four kinds of bamboo flowering habits in detail. We compiled information on more than 630 flowering events, 124 of which accurately recorded the flowering cycle time. Here, we collected information on bamboo flowering events by investigating historical documents and field studies at the Bamboo Research Institute of Nanjing Forestry University. The phenomenon of bamboo flowering is not fully understood, but its periodicity is a major research focus. 3College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Chinaīamboo is a perennial flowering plant with a distinctive life cycle: many bamboo species remain in the vegetative phase for decades, followed by mass synchronous flowering and subsequent death.2Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.1Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.Xiao Zheng 1,2,3 †, Shuyan Lin 1,2 †, Huajun Fu 1,2,3, Yawen Wan 1,2,3 and Yulong Ding 1,2 *
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